Journal of Libyan Academy Bani Walid JLABW) is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal. It has been registered with the National Library of Benghazi under Legal Deposit Number 2023/475, The International Standard Serial Number for the electronic version (e-ISSN: 3104-3860) Publishing System: The journal publishes four issues annually. Adopts the Open Access electronic publishing system. Provides permanent digital archiving of published research. Research is accepted in both Arabic and English. Publishing Benefits: • Neutral peer review according to the highest academic standards. • Global access via the Open Access publishing system. • Accredited documentation in academic indexes. Publishing Conditions: Research must be original and previously unpublished. Adherence to scientific methodology and research ethics. Maximum similarity of 20% using plagiarism detection software (Turnitin). References must be documented according to approved academic regulations. For Submissions or Inquiries: Website: https://journals.labjournal.ly Email: labjournal.editor@gmail.com Phone: +218919020495 We welcome your research contributions to enrich Arabic scientific content! Editorial Board Journal of Libyan Academy Bani Walid
The abuse of the limits of the immunities granted to diplomatic and consular envoys
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of 1963 regulate the rules governing diplomatic and consular activities between states and nations, defining the scope of their rights and duties. In return for the obligations imposed on the receiving state, there are corresponding duties assigned to the diplomatic and consular missions and their members. Therefore, states generally seek to respect these immunities within the framework of diplomatic and consular practice and avoid violating the essence of these immunities and privileges. The importance of this study lies in addressing the phenomenon of violations of diplomatic and consular immunities and in seeking ways to limit such abuses by examining this issue and presenting certain views and findings that may contribute to addressing this phenomenon. The study also aims to introduce diplomatic and consular work and to clarify the legal responsibility borne by the sending state and the receiving state in cases where diplomatic and consular envoys exceed the limits of the immunities granted to them, as well as the consequences resulting from such actions. Accordingly, this study is divided into two sections. The first section addresses diplomatic and consular work in terms of concept and objectives, while the second section examines the consequences resulting from a diplomatic or consular envoy’s failure to fulfill their obligations toward the receiving state. The study recommends increasing health awareness among diabetic patients regarding regular monitoring of kidney function, conducting periodic medical tests, and adhering to proper dietary and medical management to reduce the risk of diabetic kidney complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Overprotection, Parental Harshness, and Neglect and the Spread of Negative Social Behavior: A Field Study on a Sample of Secondary School Students in Educational Institutions in Misurata
This study aims to investigate the relationship between parental treatment styles—namely overprotection, harshness, and neglect—and the prevalence of negative social behavior among children. The study adopts a descriptive analytical approach using a social survey method. A questionnaire was administered to a random sample of 162 male and female secondary school students in Misurata. The findings revealed statistically significant relationships between certain parental styles and social behavior. Overprotection and neglect showed significant associations with behavioral outcomes, while harshness did not demonstrate a significant relationship with positive behavior. Additionally, the results indicated significant differences based on demographic variables such as gender and educational level, whereas no significant differences were found concerning age. The study highlights the critical role of family upbringing in shaping children's social behavior and emphasizes the importance of adopting balanced parenting styles to promote positive behavioral development.
Gas Discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Reshaping of International Alliances toward the Libyan Crisis
This study analyzes how natural gas discoveries In the Eastern Mediterranean have reshaped regional and international alliances and affected the Libyan crisis. It argues that energy developments have integrated Libya into a broader geopolitical framework tied to European energy security and Mediterranean power dynamics, transforming it from an internal conflict into a strategic arena of intersecting Interests. Adopting an interpretive analytical approach, the study finds that gas resources have intensified maritime competition and produced rival energy blocs rather than fostering regional cooperation. Maritime delimitation agreements have been used to redistribute influence. The findings further indicate that Libya has become embedded in the energy struggle, with internal divisions facilitating external intervention and turning oil and gas into instruments of political pressure, thereby obstructing settlement efforts. The study concludes that Libya’s stability depends on depoliticizing the energy sector and developing a national strategy for its management to support state reconstruction.
Students’ Perceptions of Online Learning versus Face-to-Face Learning: A Comparative Study in Libyan Higher Education
This study examines Students’ perceptions of face-to-face (Traditional learning) and online learning at Libyan collages and introduces a comparative analytical study between them. This topic gained great importance in recently year, especially after Corona-COVID inside Higher education sector with a focus on academic achievement, time management, level of interaction, and overall student satisfaction. This study was based on the descriptive analytical method. The data were collected through a questionnaire directed to a sample of 100 second-year students from the English Department at the Faculty of Languages, Elmergib university, and these results showed that Traditional education promotes understanding, interaction, and academic achievement, whereas Online learning promotes digital skills and flexibility.
The Legal Structure of Cybercrime: A Comparative Study Between Libyan Law No. (5) of 2022 and Egyptian Law No. (175) of 2018
This research examines cybercrime through a comparative analytical study between Libyan Law No. (5) of 2022 on Combating Electronic Crimes and Egyptian Law No. (175) of 2018 on Combating Information Technology Crimes. The study analyzes the legal structure of cybercrime in light of the general theory of crime, focusing on its legal, material, and moral elements. It explores the scope of criminalization, the protected legal interests, penal policy, and procedural regulation of digital evidence strictly according to the provisions of both laws. The research adopts analytical and comparative methodologies to identify similarities and differences between the two legislations. It concludes that both laws adhere to the traditional criminal framework while differing in the degree of legislative detail, particularly regarding service providers’ obligations and technical measures.
The role of Libyan constitutional institutions in combating corruption
This study examines the role of constitutional institutions in combating corruption in Libya during the period from 2011 to 2023. It aims to analyze the impact of the general context (international, political, economic, social, security, and legal) on the spread of corruption, and to assess the contribution of legislative, executive, judicial, and local supervisory authorities in fighting it. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings reveal that political and security instability, weak oversight bodies, lack of judicial independence, and the prevalence of tribal and social favoritism have all contributed to the entrenchment of corruption. The results also indicate that enhancing transparency, accountability, judicial independence, and supporting oversight institutions such as the Audit Bureau and the National Anti-Corruption Commission, along with international cooperation, can effectively reduce corruption. The paper concludes with practical recommendations aimed at building more integrity‑driven and efficient institutions, achieving sustainable development, and restoring stability in Libya.
Protecting the Employee from Arbitrary Clauses and Unfair Dismissal in Employment Contracts: A Comparative Study between Egyptian and Libyan Law
This research examines the protection of the employee against arbitrary clauses and unfair dismissal, as one of the most significant legal safeguards primarily established to protect the weaker party in an employment relationship. Due to their economic and legal dependency, the employee operates under the supervision and direction of the employer, resulting in an unequal bargaining position. This disparity may lead to the inclusion of prejudicial clauses in the employment contract or subject the worker to dismissal without any legitimate justification. The research aims to clarify the legal framework governing the protection of the employee from arbitrary clauses that disrupt contractual balance, by analyzing the concept of the arbitrary clause in employment contracts and defining the criteria for unfairness and how it is assessed. Furthermore, the study addresses the concept of unfair dismissal and the standards for arbitrary termination. It also explores the stance of Libyan law regarding the protection of the employee against arbitrary clauses and unfair dismissal in comparison with Egyptian law.
The Impact of Continuous Learning of the "Kaizen" Methodology as a Key Mechanism for Continuous Improvement in Enhancing Job Performance: An Applied Study at the High Institute of Sciences and Technology – Ragdalin.
This study aimed to measure the impact of continuous learning of the "Kaizen" methodology as a key mechanism for continuous improvement in enhancing job performance, applied to the Higher Institute of Science and Technology – Regdaline. The study also sought to analyze the attitudes of the institute's administrative leaders towards this methodology in terms of their familiarity with its basic concepts. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and used the questionnaire as the main tool for collecting primary data. It was distributed to the study sample, which consisted of faculty members and employees assigned with administrative tasks, in addition to members of work committees at the institute. The number of distributed questionnaires was (50), of which (47) were retrieved and valid for statistical analysis using the SPSS program. The independent variable in the study consisted of seven main dimensions of the "Kaizen" methodology: top management support, employee participation, trust, regulations and procedures, sound decision-making, training, and continuous learning. The dependent variable (job performance) was measured through its two dimensions: efficiency and effectiveness. The study reached a set of results, the most prominent of which was the presence of a statistically significant effect of the "Kaizen" methodology on job performance. The results showed that the "continuous learning" dimension was the most influential, explaining (99%) of the changes occurring in job performance. This means that the impact on job performance is almost entirely attributed to changes in the level of continuous learning
Administrative Liability of the State for Unlawful Acts: An Applied Study in Light of Libyan Administrative Judiciary
This study examines the administrative accountability of the state for illegal activities within the Libyan legal system. It emphasizes the importance of administrative responsibility as a fundamental pillar of justice, the rule of law, and the protection of individual freedoms. The study aims to analyze Libyan judicial trends in this area, clarifying the theoretical and legal basis for this obligation. It analyzes the core legal documents and court decisions issued by the Libyan administrative judiciary, employing a descriptive, comparative, and analytical approach. Alongside a review of relevant legal and philosophical materials, the study focuses on some recent court decisions. The findings reveal the absence of a clear and consistent definition of administrative accountability in Libya, leading to inconsistencies in judicial application. While comparative ideas from the French and Egyptian systems are used to some extent, the distinction between institutional and personal fault remains difficult to achieve in order to achieve administrative justice. The study also highlights the lack of explicit legislative texts, the diversity of judicial interpretations, and the inadequacy of enforcement procedures in achieving a balance between protecting individual rights and the public interest. Furthermore, it aims to enhance public trust in state institutions and develop Libyan legal thought in the field of administrative responsibility. The study offers practical recommendations for developing the legislative and judicial framework. These recommendations include enacting specific legislation that defines the scope of responsibility and compensation mechanisms, unifying judicial standards, and strengthening the independence of the administrative judiciary. Training and qualifying judges and administrators, establishing a database of rulings, activating implementation mechanisms, benefiting from comparative experiences, and including specialized courses in university curricula.
The Crisis of Theorization in the Field of Political Science: An Approach to the Problem of Epistemological Foundations
This study addressed a highly important topic that has occupied the minds of thinkers and researchers in the field of political science, embodied in the crisis of theorizing in political science from an epistemological perspective, and from a critical analytical reading of the cognitive frameworks that regulate the formulation and construction of political knowledge. It was based on the premise that the crisis of theorizing in political science is not related to the diversity of approaches and methods or the lack of coherence among them, but rather stems from a deep and wide-ranging flaw in the cognitive system. Among the most prominent of these differences are the low degree of suitability of models and the widening gap between the analytical perspective and political movements, thought, and reality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Omran Mohamed Aljdari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Study of a Small Bronze Statue Found in Cyrene (Shahhat) After Cyclone Daniel: A Descriptive, Analytical, and Comparative Study Prepared by
What distinguishes the city of Cyrene from other cities is the abundance of artistic artifacts that differ in the Materials of their manufacture and methods of Completion, among which is a small bronze statue Found in the archaeologic area of the city of Cyrene "Shahat" This thia statue represents a well preserved example that express an important historical period in which it was produced. This period, between the first and second Centuries AD, was a time of cultural and economic prosperity for the Roman empire, which in turn influenced the rest of the Corders outside the borders of the Roman empire. The existence of religious rituals pertaining to the Family and Woman in particular, and the appearance of these female statues in this size, which are easy to carry and use, in addition to the fact that they were made of bronze which is characterized by it survival despite the ravages of time; therefore, they Were popular to use and widespread in Rome and beyond. furthermore, these small statues demonstrate a cultural religious, and doctrinal unity between the Roman empire and their use outside Rome
Analysis of the Efficiency of the Treasury Single Account System in Libya: An Evaluation Study of the Performance of Banking Data Entry in Government Entities During the Period (August 2025 – January 2026)
This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Unified Treasury Account system in managing the financial data of government entities, by analyzing its technical efficiency, the variance in data entry rates, and the factors influencing institutional commitment. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach. It included questions to assess the system's efficiency, which were statistically processed for (1,754) entities, (1,294,574) bank accounts, and (2,203,335) employees. The results showed a high technical capability of the system in processing diverse databases. The study also revealed a significant variance in data entry rates (0% - 100%), attributed to factors such as: (digital readiness, nature of functional linkage, and data volume), with a digital gap of (11.6%) concentrated in small entities and foreign missions. Several influential administrative factors were also identified, such as: (staff density and centralized structure). The study recommended enhancing the technical infrastructure through automated linkage with banks, developing proactive audit mechanisms, improving the efficiency of human resources, strengthening smart monitoring, and addressing digital gaps through policies such as: phased data entry and digitization at the source, to improve the state's financial reform efforts, thereby supporting the integrated digital transformation of the government sector.
Challenges facing women breadwinners in society
The study aimed to diagnose the social, economic, and psychological reality of female breadwinners, identify the most prominent difficulties they face, and examine the relationship of various variables represented by (age, educational level, income, number of family members, marital status). The researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and the research community consisted of female breadwinners (divorced and widowed) in the city of Sabha. The study sample was selected intentionally due to the researcher's familiarity with the research community, with the sample size reaching (50) individuals divided between widows and divorced women. The study reached several key findings, including: there are no statistically significant differences between the average responses of the sample members attributed to the variable of marital status (widow-divorced). Economic difficulties are considered the most prominent and severe challenge facing female breadwinners (widows and divorced). Female breadwinners suffer from high psychological pressures resulting from the dual burdens of economic support and full family care. The results showed a strong relationship between low educational levels (illiteracy and basic education) and the increased severity of economic and legal difficulties. There is a clear gap between the needs of female breadwinners and the services and support provided by official governmental institutions.
Humanitarian International Intervention between Legitimacy of Protection and Violation of Sovereignty in Contemporary International Law
Humanitarian international intervention has become an urgent necessity to protect humanity from the consequences of wars, conflicts, and disputes. It has gained significant attention from the international community, leading to the establishment of binding legal principles that aim primarily to protect human rights, within specific cases where such intervention is permitted. However, international legal scholars have differed regarding the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention, as it may violate state sovereignty and national policies. On the other hand, some consider it legitimate when its purpose is to provide humanitarian assistance, whether military, material, or moral. Humanitarian intervention takes various forms depending on circumstances, including political and military intervention. It may be carried out individually or collectively, and can be explicit or implicit. This type of intervention is considered one of the exceptions to the principle of the prohibition of the use or threat of force in international relations, particularly when aimed at protecting human rights
The influence of absence of teacher’s roles on EL students’ learning (A Case Study of English Language Teachers of Primary Schools in AlBaida City)
This qualitative study investigates the roles of English language teachers in primary schools in Al-Baida, Libya, focusing on their instructional practices, challenges faced, and the impact of traditional teacher-centered approaches on student learning. Data were collected through unstructured observations of six teachers across two primary schools over five lessons each, analyzing teaching roles, classroom dynamics, and student engagement. Findings reveal that teachers predominantly adopt traditional, controller roles characterized by a focus on rote memorization, limited use of interactive strategies, and minimal integration of technological resources. Major challenges include managing large class sizes, diverse student proficiency levels, and resource constraints, which hinder effective teaching and learning. The reliance on traditional methods contributes to passive student participation and impedes language acquisition. The study recommends professional development initiatives that promote flexible teaching roles, student-centered methodologies, and incorporation of technology to enhance English language education in Libya. These reforms aim to improve learner engagement and academic outcomes in the evolving educational context
The Impact of Digital Skills Availability Among Employees on the Quality of Administrative Decision-Making: A Field Study at the Administration of the Higher Institute for Comprehensive Professions in Souq Al-Khamis Amsehel
This study aimed to identify the most significant barriers affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting performance at the Audit Bureau. The study focused on four independent variables that were analyzed to determine their impact on accounting performance. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire consisting of 21 items was used. The questionnaire was distributed to employees working in the main departments of the Audit Bureau in Tripoli. A total of 40 questionnaires were distributed, of which 32 were returned and deemed valid for analysis, while 8 were either not returned or invalid. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical software. The results of the study revealed the presence of statistically significant barriers related to the independence of employees within the Audit Bureau. Among the most prominent of these barriers were political instability and division, which negatively affect employees' performance. The findings also indicated no statistically significant differences concerning organizational and administrative barriers, incentives, and training and professional qualification. The study recommended the need to address the barriers faced by employees in the Audit Bureau and to recruit more qualified technical staff in order to enhance the level of accounting performance and improve the Bureau’s effectiveness in carrying out its supervisory duties.
Prevalence of Kidney Failure and Its Relationship with Diabetes Mellitus: A Field Study of Dialysis Patients in Selected Centers in Western Libya
Kidney failure is considered one of the most serious chronic diseases and represents a growing health challenge worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is among the most significant contributing factors leading to kidney failure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between kidney failure and diabetes mellitus and to determine the extent to which diabetes contributes to kidney failure among patients undergoing dialysis in several healthcare centers in western Libya. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and a questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool. The study sample consisted of 357 patients out of a total of 472 dialysis patients registered in several dialysis centers, including Al-Khoms Kidney Hospital, Maslata Central Hospital, Qasr Al-Akhyar Rural Hospital, Qara Bolli Kidney Center, Tajoura Heart Hospital, and Tripoli University Hospital during the summer of 2023. The results showed that 45% of the patients had diabetes before developing kidney failure, while only 1% developed diabetes after kidney failure. Additionally, 54% of the patients had no history of diabetes, and their kidney failure was attributed to other causes such as hypertension, heart diseases, hereditary kidney disorders, and hepatitis. The findings indicate that diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of kidney failure, particularly in cases where patients do not adhere to medical advice or treatment guidelines. The study recommends increasing health awareness among diabetic patients regarding regular monitoring of kidney function, conducting periodic medical tests, and adhering to proper dietary and medical management to reduce the risk of diabetic kidney complications.
Study of Some Analytical Methods for Solving Fredholm Integral Equation of the Second Kind
Integral equations are considered among the most important mathematical tools in modeling physical and engineering phenomena, especially Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, which arise in problems such as heat diffusion and quantum mechanics. This research aims to study the concept of integral equations and classify them according to the type of kernel, as well as to review various analytical methods for solving Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. In addition, numerical applications using MATLAB are presented to verify the validity of the solutions. Four main analytical methods are employed: the Adomian Decomposition Method, the Modified Method, the Direct Computation Method for separable kernels, and the Successive Approximations Method. These methods are applied to selected problems, and MATLAB codes are developed for each method to compare analytical and numerical solutions. The results show complete agreement between the analytical solutions and the numerical results obtained using MATLAB for all selected examples. The analytical methods also confirm the existence and uniqueness of the solution under appropriate conditions. Furthermore, the numerical applications demonstrate the convergence speed of iterative methods and the accuracy of the obtained solutions. This study confirms that combining analytical methods with numerical applications using MATLAB provides a deeper understanding of integral equations and facilitates the verification of solution accuracy, thereby supporting their use in various scientific and engineering applications.
Microbial Contamination of Computer Keyboards and Mice in Educational, Healthcare, and Administrative Environments: A Field Study Using Laboratory and Statistical Analysis
This study aims to evaluate the level of microbial contamination on computer keyboards and mice used in educational, healthcare, and administrative environments, as well as to identify the associated microorganisms and analyze the factors influencing their spread. A total of 24 samples were collected from device surfaces at the Higher Institute of Medical Technology in Sabratha using sterile swabs. Samples were cultured on different media and analyzed using laboratory techniques, including Gram staining and biochemical tests. The results revealed that 50% of the samples were contaminated. Candida spp. was the predominant microorganism (33.3%), followed by Staphylococcus and Bacillus spp., each with a prevalence of 12.5%. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between surface types (keyboard vs. mouse) and contamination levels (P > 0.05). The findings indicate that electronic devices act as potential reservoirs for indirect infection transmission, particularly in shared-use environments with inadequate cleaning practices. The study recommends incorporating electronic devices into infection control protocols, promoting hygiene awareness, and implementing regular disinfection using broad-spectrum disinfectants.
A Novel Framework for the Co-Optimization of Selective Coordination and Arc Flash Hazard Mitigation in Low-Voltage Industrial Power Systems Using Advanced Digital Relays
The design of overcurrent protection systems in industrial electrical networks represents a complex optimization challenge, traditionally balancing equipment protection with selective coordination. The imperative for enhanced personnel safety, driven by NFPA 70E, has introduced a third, often conflicting objective: the reduction of Arc Flash Incident Energy. This paper proposes and validates a novel framework for the co-optimization of these objectives through the strategic application of modern, microprocessor-based digital protective relays. The research demonstrates that advanced relay features—including user-defined Time-Current Curves (TCCs), light-time pickup settings, and zone-selective interlocking (ZSI)—enable a paradigm shift in protection strategy. A real-world industrial power system was modeled and simulated in ETAP, utilizing relay models analogous to the SEL-735 and Siemens SIPROTEC 5 series. The ZSI communication was modeled using digital peer-to-peer signals with a latency of ≤ 8 ms, conforming to typical manufacturer specifications. The results confirm that the proposed framework maintains coordination within studied scenarios while simultaneously reducing the maximum Arc Flash Incident Energy at critical buses by an average of 66% compared to a traditional baseline. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis demonstrates system robustness against communication failures. This work provides a validated, practical methodology for engineers to design industrial electrical systems that concurrently achieve high reliability and enhanced personnel safety.
The impact of using standard costing on controlling cost elements in the mobile telecommunications sector: An applied study on Libyana Mobile Phone Company
In light of rapid economic transformations and the increasing intensity of competition in the modern business environment, the importance of adopting advanced accounting tools has emerged to enhance cost control effectiveness and improve both financial and managerial performance within organizations. This study aims to analyze the impact of using standard costing systems on enhancing cost control over cost elements in telecommunications companies, with an application to Libyana Mobile Phone Company. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, where data were collected through a questionnaire targeting employees in financial and accounting departments, in addition to analyzing actual and standard cost data. The findings revealed a divergence in respondents’ opinions regarding the effectiveness of standard costing; while some supported its role in improving cost control and identifying variances, others expressed reservations due to its limited flexibility in certain cases. The study also showed that standard costing contributes to enhancing transparency and providing data that support decision-making; however, it requires integration with other control tools to achieve greater effectiveness. The study recommends improving implementation mechanisms, training human resources, and regularly updating standards to keep pace with economic changes
Thermodynamic activation and ultrasound‑induced degradation dynamics of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)
The research determined thermodynamic activation parameters for carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in water-based NaCl solutions through analysis of original high-molecular-weight CMC and its low-molecular-weight counterpart which resulted from ultrasound-induced degradation. The research team measured relative viscosity (ηr) of dilute solutions by testing different solution concentrations and temperature ranges. The research findings demonstrated that viscosity values experienced substantial changes when scientists altered solution concentrations and temperature levels. Scientists used Moore's technique which Arrhenius and Eyring equations helped them transform relative viscosity data into activation parameters which included the pre-exponential factor (A) and activation enthalpy (ΔH) and activation entropy (ΔS). The three parameters showed strong dependency on polymer concentration and solution viscosity and molecular weight. The high-molecular-weight CMC showed activation enthalpy and pre-exponential factor values which were higher than low-molecular-weight CMC but its activation entropy value was lower which means it resists flow better than low-molecular-weight CMC. The ultrasound-degraded CMC demonstrated better flow properties because its energetic obstacles became less difficult to overcome. The rising temperature caused viscosity to change in a non-linear pattern which also changed the activation parameters. The research team discovered how CMC flow behavior results from enthalpic and entropic factors while they showed ultrasound degradation effects on polymer solution behavior based on temperature and polymer concentration and molecule size
The Extent of Environmental Accounting Contribution to Enhancing Sustainable Development in Libyan Industrial Institutions: A Case Study of a Cement Factory in Benghazi
This study aims to examine the extent to which environmental accounting contributes to enhancing sustainable development in Libyan industrial institutions, through a case study of a cement factory in the city of Benghazi. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, in which a questionnaire was used as the main tool for data collection from a sample of 37 respondents. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The results revealed a statistically significant contribution of environmental accounting to achieving sustainable development across its three dimensions (economic, environmental, and social). The findings also indicated that the company under study demonstrates an interest in environmental practices; however, the weakness of the legislative and regulatory framework limits adequate disclosure of environmental costs. The study recommends strengthening environmental laws, developing accounting systems for measuring environmental costs, and promoting environmental awareness within industrial institutions to support sustainable development.
Analysis of obstacles affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting performance: A field study at the Audit Bureau and its application to the Tourism Information and Documentation Center – Tripoli
This study aimed to identify the most significant barriers affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of accounting performance at the Audit Bureau. The study focused on four independent variables that were analyzed to determine their impact on accounting performance. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire consisting of 21 items was used. The questionnaire was distributed to employees working in the main departments of the Audit Bureau in Tripoli. A total of 40 questionnaires were distributed, of which 32 were returned and deemed valid for analysis, while 8 were either not returned or invalid. The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical software. The results of the study revealed the presence of statistically significant barriers related to the independence of employees within the Audit Bureau. Among the most prominent of these barriers were political instability and division, which negatively affect employees' performance. The findings also indicated no statistically significant differences concerning organizational and administrative barriers, incentives, and training and professional qualification. The study recommended the need to address the barriers faced by employees in the Audit Bureau and to recruit more qualified technical staff in order to enhance the level of accounting performance and improve the Bureau’s effectiveness in carrying out its supervisory duties
The effect of temperature on the rearing of honey bee colonies, Apis mellifera, in northwestern Libya (a revew)
Climatic conditions are one of the most important factors affecting honey bees, and this impact may be negative or positive, and it may be direct or indirect, and this is reflected on their activity inside and outside the hive and affects their behavior in the entirety of their activity. It also leads to the death of many bee colonies as result to extreme heat and extreme cold, which leads to a lack or complete cessation its activity. Beekeeping in Libya developed and expanded, beekeepers follow modern methods, climate is suitable for beekeeping, strains reared are Apis mellifera ligustica in western region while A.m. carnica in eastern region, the forage of bees in Libya is consist of annual and perennial plants, shrubs and trees that produce different types of honey. In this review, we summarize and synthesize previous findings about the effects of temperature to feeding in bees and discuss the strategies bees use to cope with heat stress. Bee species mentioned here are mainly Apis mellifera.
Analysis of Production Systems in Libyan Higher and Technical Education: Classifications, Determinants, and Development Strategies
Purpose: This study analyzes the production systems within Libyan higher and technical education institutions. It classifies their operational patterns, identifies the determinants of their efficiency, and proposes a measurable development model tailored to a post-conflict environment. The research addresses a critical gap between substantial public investment and poor institutional outcomes, a disconnect with serious implications for national development. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive-analytical approach was employed, supplemented by inferential statistical techniques including multiple regression analysis. A validated survey instrument was administered to 438 participants drawn from various educational institutions through a stratified convenience sampling procedure that ensured representation across institutional types (public universities, technical colleges, and higher institutes) and geographic regions (western, eastern, and southern Libya). A panel of five experts in education and statistics confirmed the content validity of the instrument. Cronbach's Alpha (α = 0.82) established its reliability. We utilized descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, independent samples t-tests, and multiple regression analysis to map key trends, test research hypotheses, and identify the most significant predictors of institutional productivity. Findings: The data revealed a predominance of the traditional production system, with 42.5% of respondents indicating that theoretical education is the prevailing model. Multiple regression analysis identified funding adequacy (β = 0.31, p < 0.001), academic staff efficiency (β = 0.27, p < 0.001), and infrastructure quality (β = 0.22, p = 0.002) as the three strongest predictors of perceived institutional productivity, collectively explaining 41.3% of the variance (R² = 0.413, F(5,432) = 57.42, p < 0.001). A strong consensus favored curriculum reform (75.3%, 95% CI: [71.3%, 79.4%]) and the adoption of a dual education model (75.3%) as primary development strategies. Originality/Value: This paper presents an empirical classification of educational production systems in Libya, contributing to the limited body of research on higher education productivity in conflict-affected Arab states. We propose a measurable development model built on three pillars—institutional governance reform, effective industrial partnership development, and the establishment of a sustainable financing system—operationalized through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and phased implementation timelines.
Prevalence and Isolation of Escherichia coli in Male and Female UTI Patients in Sabratha region
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infectious diseases encountered in clinical practice and account for significant morbidity and high medical costs. Escherichia coli is the most predominant pathogen causing 80-90% of community-acquired UTIs and 30-50% of nosocomial-acquired UTIs. Objectives: the aim of this study is to evaluate the presence of E.coli in the Urinary tract infection (UTIs) in different age and sex patients in the area of the study. Methods: The present study was conducted at Sabratha hospital during the period of October -December 2025. The samples were collected from UTIs patients (n= 629) (384) females and (245) males, who were registered in this research and the urine samples were taken aseptically for microbial culture. Patients were divided into 18 age groups. Results: A total of patients (n= 629): (384) females and (245) males of urine were cultured on CLED agar, equal or more than 105 CFU/ml of a single potential pathogen was interpreted as positive. Out of these samples (236): (138) females and (98) males gave positive growth on CLED agar. On the other hand, total percentage of prevalence in female samples recorded (35.93%) while the highest percentage of infection from the total positive samples recorded in (0-5) age group (19.56%). In male samples the total percentage of prevalence recorded (40.0%) while the highest percentage of infection from the total positive samples recorded in (0-5) age group (37.75%). Conclusion :This study showed a significant prevalence of urinary tract infections among the examined patients using CLED agar. Although more samples were collected from females, the proportion of positive cases was slightly higher in males. The highest infection rates were observed in children aged 0–5 years in both genders. These findings suggest increased susceptibility to infection in early childhood. Routine urine culture is essential for accurate diagnosis of UTIs. Early detection helps in effective treatment and prevention of complications. Findings: The data revealed a predominance of the traditional production system, with 42.5% of respondents indicating that theoretical education is the prevailing model. Multiple regression analysis identified funding adequacy (β = 0.31, p < 0.001), academic staff efficiency (β = 0.27, p < 0.001), and infrastructure quality (β = 0.22, p = 0.002) as the three strongest predictors of perceived institutional productivity, collectively explaining 41.3% of the variance (R² = 0.413, F(5,432) = 57.42, p < 0.001). A strong consensus favored curriculum reform (75.3%, 95% CI: [71.3%, 79.4%]) and the adoption of a dual education model (75.3%) as primary development strategies. Originality/Value: This paper presents an empirical classification of educational production systems in Libya, contributing to the limited body of research on higher education productivity in conflict-affected Arab states. We propose a measurable development model built on three pillars—institutional governance reform, effective industrial partnership development, and the establishment of a sustainable financing system—operationalized through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and phased implementation timelines
Mechanistic Insight into Catalyst-Controlled Photodegradation of Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes
Understanding the mechanisms governing the photodegradation of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes is essential for the rational design of stable photoactive systems. In this study, mechanistic insight into the catalyst-controlled photodegradation of Ru(II) complexes bearing tbbpy ligands is presented through a comparative investigation of systems with and without a peripheral PtI₂ unit. Photodegradation under visible-light irradiation was monitored by time-dependent UV–Vis spectroscopy and analyzed under pseudo-first-order kinetic conditions in acetonitrile and methanol. Complementary HPLC and ¹H NMR analyses verified that the observed spectral changes arise from irreversible chemical degradation rather than transient photophysical processes. Coordination of the PtI₂ unit significantly modulates the MLCT excited state, leading to a reduced optical gap and prolonged excited-state lifetime, as supported by TD-DFT calculations. Solvent-dependent kinetic behavior further reveals the role of medium coordination in stabilizing the photoexcited state. Collectively, these results provide mechanistic insight into how catalyst coordination governs photodegradation pathways in Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes