The Purpose of Doctrinal Reform and Its Impact on Human Development

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of urban sprawl on vegetation cover in Al-Hamama and Al-Haniya areas of the Green Mountain region during 2000–2025, using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landsat-5 and Sentinel-2B imagery, along with a Digital Elevation Model (DEM), were employed to derive vegetation (NDVI), built-up (NDBI), and fire (NBR) indices. The results reveal a sharp decline in dense vegetation cover, which decreased from 7,731.67 ha (48.53%) in 2000 to 715.56 ha (4.50%) in 2025, while very weak vegetation increased from 89.59 ha (0.56%) to 1,501.30 ha (9.43%) over the same period. Urban expansion also intensified, with built-up areas increasing from 0.25 ha to 0.74 ha in Al-Hamama and from 0.37 ha to 0.58 ha in Al-Haniya between 2006 and 2025. These findings indicate that unplanned urban growth, recurrent fires, and tourism-related activities are the main drivers of vegetation degradation, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable urban and environmental planning to protect vegetation resources.