Analysis of Biochemical Profiles in Healthy Individuals, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Diabetic Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study in Tarhuna, Libya

Abstract

 Chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly when complicated by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), constitutes a major global public health burden due to the progressive decline in renal function and the accumulation of metabolic waste products. Regular assessment of biochemical parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis is essential for evaluating dialysis adequacy, monitoring metabolic and nutritional status, and facilitating early detection of cardiovascular and systemic complications. This cross-sectional study aimed to compare selected biochemical parameters among healthy individuals, patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis, and patients with diabetic kidney disease receiving hemodialysis in Tarhuna, Libya. A total of 87 participants were enrolled and categorized into three groups: 45 patients with CKD on regular hemodialysis, 25 patients with diabetic kidney disease on hemodialysis, and 17 apparently healthy individuals. Sociodemographic characteristics and medical histories were obtained using a structured questionnaire, and venous blood samples were collected for the determination of fasting blood glucose, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, calcium, and serum albumin using standard laboratory methods. Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way analysis of variance, with significance set at p < 0.05. The findings revealed significantly elevated levels of creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and uric acid in both patient groups compared with healthy controls. Patients with diabetic kidney disease exhibited markedly higher fasting blood glucose levels than both non-diabetic CKD patients and healthy individuals. Serum albumin levels were unexpectedly higher among hemodialysis patients relative to controls, while no statistically significant differences were observed in serum calcium levels across the study groups. These results highlight distinct biochemical alterations associated with chronic kidney disease and diabetic kidney disease in hemodialysis patients and underscore the importance of continuous biochemical monitoring to optimize clinical management and reduce the risk of complications.